Cesium isotope analysis ... resulting in different atomic masses. Mass Spectrometry: An analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions, allowing for the identification ...

Scientists developed a highly accurate optical ion clock, improving time measurement precision by 1,000 times.

The next generation of atomic clocks "ticks" with the frequency of a laser. This is about 100,000 times faster than the ...

In an optical atomic clock, atoms are irradiated with laser light. If the laser has exactly the right frequency, the atoms change their quantum mechanical state. All external influences on the atoms ...