1 The papillary muscles, as integral parts of the mitral apparatus, are extremely vulnerable to ischemic injury because of the great mechanical stress to which they are subjected ...

Functional mitral valve regurgitation occurs when the left atrium or left ventricle ... The mitral valve leaflets, annulus, papillary muscles and chordae tendinae must interact properly for ...

Papillary muscle dysfunction from ischemia ... With retrograde systolic flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium, both chambers dilate in order to maintain a near-normal resting cardiac ...